商品
何謂商品?
商品是指生產食品、傢俬或汽油等消費品所需的原材料。商品包括農產品(例如:小麥及牛隻)、能源製品(例如:石油和天然氣),以及金屬(例如:黃金、白銀和鋁材)。另外,亦有不能長期儲存的「軟」商品,包括糖、棉花、可可及咖啡。
與過往農民把盛滿小麥和玉米的大桶送到當地市場販賣的日子比較,商品市場經歷了不少轉變。早於1800年代,隨著標準化農產品交易合約的需求漸增,商品期貨交易所亦應運而生。時至今日,世界各地交易所已經可以買賣多種農產品、金屬、能源製品及軟商品的期貨及期權合約。這些標準化合約有助商品生產商把價格風險轉嫁至最終使用者及其他金融市場參與者。
自1900年代以來,商品這種資產類別已不斷演變,相繼發展出眾多商品期貨指數及以這些指數為基準的投資工具。投資者現在可以選擇互惠基金、交易所買賣基金(ETF)或票據等不同工具,以單一商品、行業為本或廣泛商品投資等形式,參與商品期貨市場。
為何投資於商品?
投資者通常期望商品配置能為其投資組合帶來三大好處:1) 對沖通脹;2) 分散風險及 3) 回報潛力。
對沖通脹
由於商品屬於「實質資產」,面對經濟基本因素轉變時的反應,與股票和債券等「金融資產」不同。
舉例來說,商品是少數可受惠於通脹上升的資產類別之一。隨著市場對貨品和服務的需求增加,有關貨品和服務的價格通常也會上升,而用以生產這些貨品和服務的商品亦會漲價。由於商品價格通常會在通脹加速時上升,因此投資於商品或有助組合對沖通脹。
相反,在通脹率保持穩定或放緩時,股票及債券往往表現較佳。事實上,通脹加速會導致股票和債券的未來現金流價值下降,削弱它們購買貨品及服務的能力。
基於這些原因,彭博商品指數、瑞銀即期商品指數或標準普爾高盛商品指數等廣泛多元化商品指數的表現,一直以來與股票和債券的回報關係不大,但與通脹呈現正相關性。
在1990年至2024年期間,彭博商品指數的年度回報與美國股票(以標準普爾500指數為代表)的相關性偏低,與全球債券(以彭博環球綜合指數為代表)的相關性更接近零水平,但是與美國消費物價指數則存在高度相關性。
雖然商品與股票的相關性在2008年至2009年的全球金融危機後曾經短暫上升,但這主要由於多個資產類別一致受到總需求下降的影響,導致它們之間的相關性趨升。自此以後,商品已回復較受基本供應因素的影響,當中包括天氣(影響天然氣及穀物價格)、地緣政治不穩(影響原油)或礦場發生工潮(影響金屬)。重要的是,這些因素通常不會對股票或債券市場的回報造成相同程度的影響,商品與其他資產類別之間的相關性亦因而較低。
分散風險
商品與股票及債券的相關性偏低,正好說明廣泛投資於商品所帶來的主要好處:分散風險。在一個多元化的投資組合中,不同資產類別的表現一般不會同步發展,因此有助減低整體投資組合的波幅。波幅下降可以減輕投資組合的風險,並能提升長期回報的穩定性,但分散風險並不保證投資不會虧損。
回報潛力
商品具備分散風險和對沖通脹的作用,亦有助增強其提升投資組合回報的潛力。
如何投資於商品市場?
隨著以商品期貨指數作基準的投資工具出現,投資者現可選擇另一種參與一系列廣泛商品市場的途徑。
這類投資工具有別於商品交易顧問(CTA)管理期貨帳戶,因為商品指數的基礎投資領域已經涵蓋一系列廣泛的商品。以彭博商品指數為例,該指數追蹤七個類別的22種不同商品期貨的價格,包括能源、禽畜、穀物、工業金屬、貴金屬及「軟」商品。此外,指數是根據預設的規定改變其組成,並非由投資經理酌情決定,下圖列示刊載本文時的現有組成情況。
基於多元化指數作管理的商品投資,亦有另一項潛在優勢:由於不同商品之間的相關性不高,其回報的波幅應低於個別商品。再者,該等商品指數已有數十年歷史,能夠提供充足的過往數據供資產配置分析及研究之用。
在以往,投資者並不能輕易受惠於商品投資的各種好處。對大部份人士來說,投資於實物商品(例如一桶原油、一群牛或一蒲式耳小麥)並不實際可行,因此投資者通常是透過買入商品相關股票參與商品投資,或經由管理商品期貨帳戶投資於商品交易顧問策略。
不過,這些策略未必能夠全面掌握商品投資可能帶來的分散風險及其他優勢。舉例來說,商品相關股票不一定反映商品價格的變動。若產油商已經以遠期形式出售其石油供應,其股價未必可以完全受惠於油價升勢。另外,商品相關股票的回報亦受發行人的財務結構或不相關業務的表現所影響。事實上,商品相關股票與股市的相關性或會高於與商品市場的相關性。商品交易顧問管理期貨帳戶亦不一定能夠提供過往商品指數表現所反映的商品投資優勢,因為這些帳戶的表現通常取決於投資經理能否在適當的時機選擇適合的商品,而不是受商品市場的固有回報所影響。
有何風險?
雖然多元化的商品投資能為投資者帶來不少潛在優勢,但投資於商品亦附帶風險,未必適合所有投資者。當美國或全球經濟出現週期性衰退,商品的表現或會失色。另外,當消費及工業需求放緩時,商品亦可能受市場、政治、規管和自然因素的影響。根據過往經驗,商品與股市同樣波動,表現可能有時較為落後。
披露
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