了解存續期
詞彙表
- 存續期:用以量度債券價值對利率變動的敏感度
- 到期日:距離債券向投資者發還本金日子的年期
- 孳息:從債券獲取的收益回報或利息
- 票息:債券持有人在直至債券到期前所獲取的利息
- 贖回特性:發行人提前贖回或「收回」債券時所依據的條款及細則
何謂債券存續期?
存續期用以量度債券的利率風險,當中考慮債券的到期日、孳息、票息和贖回特性等因素。經過計算各種因素後,得出的數字可反映債券價值對利率變動的敏感度。
投資者應如何運用存續期
一般來說,債券的存續期越長,其價值在加息時便跌得越多。這是由於利率上調,債券價值便下跌,反之亦然。若投資者預期在持有債券期間利率將會下跌,存續期較長的債券將顯得吸引,因為債券價值的升幅將高於存續期較短的同類債券。
從下表可見,債券存續期越短,其波幅應會越低。舉例來說,如果加息1%,一年存續期債券的價值只會損失1%。然而,在同樣加息1%的情況下,十年存續期債券將損失10%。相反,若減息1%,較長存續期債券的升幅將高於較短存續期債券。
對避險投資者或擔心所持債券本金價值大幅波動的人士來說,他們應該考慮存續期極短的債券策略。至於較能承受波幅的投資者或相信利率會下調的人士,則應該選擇較長的存續期。
存續期的限制
雖然存續期是極為實用的分析工具,但並不能完整量度債券的全部風險。例如,存續期無法顯示債券或債券策略的信貸質素。這對於高孳息債券等較低評級的證券而言特別重要,因為除了利率變動外,投資者對發行公司穩定性的關注亦會影響這類證券的表現。
以存續期評估債券策略亦有另一限制:隨著投資組合的債券逐漸到期及利率出現變動,該策略的平均存續期亦可能隨之改變。因此,當投資組合調整持倉後,投資者便不能以購買時的存續期作準。為免出現突如其來的情況,投資者應定期檢查債券策略的平均存續期,或是投資於主動型管理策略,使平均存續期能夠維持於特定區間內。
基金經理如何運用存續期
儘管存續期有其限制,但仍是建構債券投資組合及管理風險的實用工具。當投資組合經理改變對利率的展望時,他們可以調整投資組合的平均存續期(透過調整組合的持倉),以配合其利率預測。
這些調整適用於整體投資組合或是組合內某種債券類別。如果投資組合經理預計利率將會下調,便應延長投資組合的平均存續期,藉以從利率變動中獲取最大利益。另一方面,若投資組合經理預期將會加息,則要縮短組合的平均存續期,使之較接近零水平,藉此盡量減輕對債券價值的負面影響。
與較典型的正存續期相反,若投資組合經理確信即將加息,便可使用「負存續期」策略,以保障投資組合及提升潛在回報。在排除其他影響因素下,利率上調將帶動負存續期投資組合的價值上升。
品浩的存續期策略
鑑於利率預期能夠對債券價值造成重大影響,品浩會投放大量資源,致力預測可能影響利率走向的全球經濟及政治趨勢,再根據這些長期展望制訂投資組合的一般存續期區間,並於必要時在該區間內作出短期調整。除利率外,我們亦會運用存續期指標去衡量債券價值對其他因素(例如孳息曲線及債券息差)轉變的敏感度。
主要投資術語詞彙表
披露
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CMR2023-1006-3149765